US study: Showering in manganese-contaminated water could permanently affect the nervous system.
Everyone is exposed to small levels of manganese, which is found in food and many types of rocks and enters the air, soil and water. But at higher levels, manganese is toxic to the central nervous system and can cause learning and co-ordination disabilities, behavioural changes and a condition that is similar to Parkinson's disease.
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set 0.5 milligrams/litre as the upper limit of manganese advisable in water supplies. The limit, however, is based on odour and taste of the water. However, the potential risk of manganese accumulating in the brain through showering has not been considered by the EPA.
Therefore, Drs John Spangler and Robert Elsner from Wake Forest University School of Medicine reviewed the medical literature and calculated, based on animal studies, the amount of manganese people would absorb by showering for 10 minutes a day. Because manganese is monitored in public water supplies, high levels of this naturally occurring metal are especially found in wells and private water supplies.
The results showed that, after 10 years of showering in manganese-contaminated water, children would be exposed to doses of manganese three times higher than doses that resulted in manganese deposits in the brains of rats. Adults would be exposed to doses 50 per cent higher than the rodents. The study is the first to show the potential for permanent brain damage from breathing vaporised manganese during a shower.
Dr Spangler: "Nearly 9 million people in the United States are exposed to manganese levels that our study shows may cause toxic effects ... If our results are confirmed, they could have profound implications for the nation and the world."
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Everyone is exposed to small levels of manganese, which is found in food and many types of rocks and enters the air, soil and water. But at higher levels, manganese is toxic to the central nervous system and can cause learning and co-ordination disabilities, behavioural changes and a condition that is similar to Parkinson's disease.
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set 0.5 milligrams/litre as the upper limit of manganese advisable in water supplies. The limit, however, is based on odour and taste of the water. However, the potential risk of manganese accumulating in the brain through showering has not been considered by the EPA.
Therefore, Drs John Spangler and Robert Elsner from Wake Forest University School of Medicine reviewed the medical literature and calculated, based on animal studies, the amount of manganese people would absorb by showering for 10 minutes a day. Because manganese is monitored in public water supplies, high levels of this naturally occurring metal are especially found in wells and private water supplies.
The results showed that, after 10 years of showering in manganese-contaminated water, children would be exposed to doses of manganese three times higher than doses that resulted in manganese deposits in the brains of rats. Adults would be exposed to doses 50 per cent higher than the rodents. The study is the first to show the potential for permanent brain damage from breathing vaporised manganese during a shower.
Dr Spangler: "Nearly 9 million people in the United States are exposed to manganese levels that our study shows may cause toxic effects ... If our results are confirmed, they could have profound implications for the nation and the world."
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lucky i got long hair wash it twice a week
